When a record is created via a Webform, is an email sent to the Webform user?

No, webform submission does not send an email to the Webform user. But you can configure a workflow to send an email on Webform submission. Workflows' Send Mail action can help you do this.

To learn more about Workflows, click here.

To learn more about Send Mail action, click here.

To learn more about Webforms, click here.